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Resources is a post from: muni-bonds.org

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Disclaimer is a post from: muni-bonds.org

But you should take note that with the recession in full swing and many states, counties and municipalities adversely affected by the economic downturn, it is prudent to research if the issuer does have the capacity to pay off its present and future obligations.  You should check the financial statements, evaluate the financial plans and determine overall direction of the government entity in the same way that you will do your research when investing in a private company.  After all, your money is involved regardless if said money will go to physical infrastructure that will benefit you and your family.

So, the question remains: Where to buy municipal bonds?  You have two choices – the primary and the secondary market, either of which are legitimate venues for the purchase of these mostly tax-exempt debt security instruments.

We must emphasize the “mostly” part of the tax-exempt status as states, counties and municipalities can also levy taxes on the bonds although at the federal level, these instruments are tax-exempt.  We suggest looking at the terms and conditions on the face of the debt security instrument to determine tax status, maturity date, repayment scheme, and interest rate, among other provisions.

Anyway, let’s start with the primary market.  In this market, the investor directly purchases the bonds from the issuing government entity, which can be either states, cities or counties.  The issuer allows itself to be in debt to the investors so as to finance capital expenditures that it cannot or will not fund from its present coffers.

Depending on the municipal bonds issued, you can purchase either general obligations or revenue bonds.  While general obligation bonds are, well, the general obligations of the issuer, the revenue bonds will be funded from the income earned on the project being funded by the issuance.  For example, a revenue bond may be issued to finance the construction of a toll bridge, of which the future income will be used to pay the interests due and repay the bond’s face value.

And then there’s the secondary market. Basically, you are purchasing the municipal bonds from other bond holders except the issuer of the bonds itself.  These bond holders may be individuals or organizations that have purchased the municipal bonds in the primary market, thus, your purchase being considered as coming from the secondary market.  Don’t worry as the government entity issuing the debt security instruments will honor your purchase regardless of when it was purchased and from whom it was bought just as long as the basic provisions in the bond issue were not violated.

Now that your question of where to buy municipal bonds has been answered, we suggest gathering the money to purchase them.

Wondering Where To Buy Municipal Bonds? is a post from: muni-bonds.org

The first step in gathering of information starts with knowing the municipal bond definition.  As its name implies, it is a debt security issued by government entities like states, counties and municipalities to finance capital expenditures like the construction of physical infrastructure.  The main attraction of municipal bonds is in their favorable tax implications particularly from federal taxes and, in most cases, from state and local taxes, too.

During your research on municipal bond information, you will also come across the fact that there are two ways to purchase these investments.  First, you can purchase the municipal bonds directly from the issuing government entity. Second, you may purchase the municipal bonds from other bond holders at a future date after the first issuance.

Either way of purchase will not significantly, if ever, affect the municipal bond definition.   As an investor, you will pay the face value of the bonds to the primary issuer with the promise that said issuer will repay said value within a specified period.  Depending on the bond, your original investment can be repaid in a matter of months or in a matter of decades.

Your original investment amount earns by way of fixed interests stated on the bond instrument itself.  You can either receive the interest accruing on the municipal bond either on a semi-annual basis or annual basis or on the maturity date with the amount of original investment (capital appreciation bonds).  As a general rule, short-term bonds pay the interest upon maturity of the debt instrument while long-term bonds pay annual interest payments, which may or may not include a certain portion of the principal amount.

Thus, we cannot overemphasize the importance of gathering all the relevant municipal bond information contained on the face of the debt security instrument as well as doing your research on the terms and conditions applicable to the issue.  You want to ensure that the income stream from the bond investment will be correctly inputted into your financial plans.

So, who can invest in municipal bonds?  Well, virtually anybody and everybody, be it an organization and an individual.  But since money and income are involved, there are certain things that must be taken into account of which the taxable equivalent yield is the most important.

Basically, it is a measurement of which kind of fixed interest income investment will provide the highest after-taxes return on investment.  The formula is as follows:

Tax-exempt yield on the municipal bond divided by (1-tax bracket)

Let’s assume that the municipal bond yields 5% interest income and you are in the 15% tax bracket, then the formula will look like this:

= .05/(1-.15)

= 5.88%

This means that if you can find a fully-taxable bond that will yield a return greater than 5.88%, then you are better off with it than if you invest in a municipal bond.  Well, of course, you still have to consider other municipal bond information but this is the most important.

Municipal Bond Information – Besides The Basic Municipal Bond Definition What Should I Know? is a post from: muni-bonds.org

However, we must caution against buying municipal bonds (or any of the government-issued bonds) at the drop of a hat.  Just like other types of investments, you have to apply certain strategies for successful investments in these bonds.  Here are just a few of these techniques.

First, you have to choose the municipal bonds with good credit quality that will basically stand on their own two feet, so to speak.  We are talking about general obligation escrowed to maturity bond, revenue bonds for water and sewer projects and essential purpose municipal bonds.

Second, you must look at the insurer of the bonds when buying municipal bonds. Yes, indeed, municipal bonds must be insured to protect the investor against the vagaries of the recession that continues to affect even previously wealthy states like California.  The most reliable insurers nowadays are Berkshire Hathaway and Assured Guaranty.

Third, you should only buy municipal bonds when said securities have been evaluated using TRACE.  This is a free web-accessible service that provides for reliable pricing information and history of pricing trends, both of which are useful in the analysis of municipal bonds before purchase or sale.  You will then be able to determine the best entry and exit points for your investments.

Fourth, you must always look into the municipal bond’s liquidity in relation to maturity and issue sizes.  Factors affecting liquidity include size of total issue, credit quality and availability of bonds.

Fifth, you should never take the broker’s first offer.  Instead, always haggle for a better price.  Keep in mind that brokers want their money now, not many years down the road, which is possible through mark-ups.  This is where TRACE usage comes in.

Of course, these are just a few of the many tips, tricks and techniques to buy municipal bonds in the most profitable way.  As you gain in experience, your profit should also increase in proportion.

Aside from the fact that the municipal bonds provide for guaranteed returns on both the revenue and the original investments, these bonds are important in the workings of our society.  Take note that the proceeds from the sales of these bonds to the investors represent the taxpayers’ investments in the government projects with positive impact on our daily lives.  We are, of course, talking about infrastructure projects like schools, hospitals, housing complexes, water and sewer systems and highways as well as in the efficient operations of our government offices.

Indeed, when you buy municipal bonds, you are in effect helping the government perform its job in ensuring the welfare of every citizen and non-citizen in this country.  And you profit from such a patriotic move, to boot!

‘Buy Municipal Bond’ – Does Buying Municipal Bonds Mantra Still Work? is a post from: muni-bonds.org

You can choose from either the taxable and tax-exempt municipal bonds, which makes for greater flexibility.  As can be expected, the muni bonds with tax exemptions are the more popular types since one need not pay federal and even state and local income taxes on the interest revenue.  For those still opting for the taxable types, we suggest consulting a tax professional before investing as the regulations can be on the complex side.

Another choice that must be made in municipal bond investing is selecting between the two varieties.  First, the general obligation bonds are issued by the government entity to raise capital for various expenses with the additional aspect of said bonds being covered by the issuer’s taxing power.

Second, the revenue bonds are issued specifically to fund infrastructure projects and the incomes generated from these projects are then used to support the revenue bonds issued for their construction. Since both municipal bonds are tax-exempt, risk-averse investors are attracted to them just as you would if you knew of their existence.

Nonetheless, take note that muni bonds are not without their attendant risks.  All forms of investments carry risks with some types like futures and options posing higher risks more than others, say, government bonds.  Anyways, municipal bond investing poses the following risks that even the most risk-averse investor must be aware of:

• Credit risk involves the inability of the issuer to either pay the interests on time or to pay the full value on maturity or both.  In these recessionary times when state governments are going under, this is a very real risk, indeed. Fortunately, many issuers will take our insurance as guarantee that the bonds will be paid and paid on time.
• Interest rates on the municipal bonds can be lower than the prevailing interest rates on current bond, thus, representing a loss on the part of the investor.  Still, a small interest is definitely better than no interest at all.
• Call risk refers to the early payment made on the municipal bonds by the issuer.  Ass such, your income stream can be rudely interrupted.

As in other types of investment activities, municipal bond investing requires the application of certain strategies.  If you are an experienced investor, you can apply your own techniques from, say, stocks to municipal bonds with a few tweaks along the way.  The most basic of these strategies is to purchase the municipal bond with the most attractive interest rate and then hold on to the bond until its maturity date.  Ultimately, investing in anything, whether it is in bonds or stocks, requires looking at the bottom line.

Municipal Bond Investing – How To Get Good Returns Without Excessive Risk is a post from: muni-bonds.org